Examination should include
- defining addiction
- describing biological aspects of addiction
- brain structure and function
- the reward system (ventral tegmental area [VTA], nucleus accumbens [NAc], prefrontal cortex [PFC])
- key neurotransmitters (dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], glutamate)
- genetic aspects
- heritability of addiction
- genetic predispositions and variations affecting susceptibility
- neuroadaptation
- changes in brain chemistry due to repeated substance use
- tolerance and dependence mechanisms
- describing psychological aspects of addiction
- behavioral theories
- operant conditioning and reinforcement
- classical conditioning and cues associated with substance use
- mental health disorders
- co-occurring disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety)
- impact of trauma and stress on addiction risk
- cognitive factors
- beliefs and attitudes toward substance use
- decision-making processes and impulsiveness
- describing environmental influences
- social and cultural factors
- peer pressure and social norms
- family dynamics and upbringing
- access to substances
- community resources and support systems
- protective factors that reduce vulnerability
- describing the cycle of addiction
- initiation
- first exposure to substances or addictive behaviors
- factors influencing initial use
- maintenance
- continued use and reinforcement of behavior
- development of habits and routines
- relapse
- triggers and cues leading to relapse
- the role of stress and environmental factors in relapse.
Teacher Resource: High School Resources, Opioid and Prescription Drugs, Operation Prevention, Discovery Education and DEA, DOJ
Process/Skill Questions:
- How will understanding the physiological absorption of opioids in the body help with medical assessments?
- What are genetic explanations for family members being more prone to addiction?