Explanation should include

• identification of the components of the urinary system, including differences between the male and female urinary tracts
• the basic function of the urinary system, including the structures of the kidney involving filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and fluid/electrolyte balance
• common diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system (e.g., urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, renal failure, incontinence)
• the primary components of the male and female reproductive systems and the function of each component
• common diseases and disorders of the male and female reproductive systems (e.g., pyometra, prostatitis, dystocia, reproductive cancers)
• concepts related to common breeding cycles, including estrous cycle stages, seasonality, and species‑specific reproductive patterns.

Process/Skill Questions:

• What is the function of the kidneys? What factors affect kidney function and urine formation?
• Why is the urinary system essential to an animal's health?
• What is the kidneys' role in maintaining acid-base balance?
• What are the normal characteristics of urine?
• What lab tests are used to evaluate urine including the normal expected ranges of each test?
• What are the consequences when waste is not effectively removed from the body?
• What are three diseases that occur in the female reproductive system of animals? In the male reproductive system of animals?