Title: Explain the anatomy and physiology of the urogenital system.
Course: Veterinary Science I (18105-I) > Section: Understanding Anatomy and Physiology

Explanation should include

- identification of the components of the urinary system, including differences between the male and female urinary tracts
- the basic function of the urinary system, including the structures of the kidney involving filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and fluid/electrolyte balance
- common diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system (e.g., urinary tract infections, urolithiasis, renal failure, incontinence)
- the primary components of the male and female reproductive systems and the function of each component
- common diseases and disorders of the male and female reproductive systems (e.g., pyometra, prostatitis, dystocia, reproductive cancers)
- concepts related to common breeding cycles, including estrous cycle stages, seasonality, and species‑specific reproductive patterns.

Process/Skill Questions:

- What is the function of the kidneys? What factors affect kidney function and urine formation?
- Why is the urinary system essential to an animal's health?
- What is the kidneys' role in maintaining acid-base balance?
- What are the normal characteristics of urine?
- What lab tests are used to evaluate urine including the normal expected ranges of each test?
- What are the consequences when waste is not effectively removed from the body?
- What are three diseases that occur in the female reproductive system of animals? In the male reproductive system of animals?